001DNA measurements in low volume samples, microplates and cuvettes on the SPECTROstar Nano

Mark Gröne (1), Franka Ganske (1), Catherine Wark (2), EJ Dell (3), (1) BMG LABTECH Germany, (2) BMG LABTECH UK, (3) BMG LABTECH USA, 08/2011

  • LVis Plate for sample volumes as small as 2 µl   
  • Sensitivity for cuvette- and microplate-based measurements presented

Introduction

Absorbance measurements
Definition absorbance
Generally most substances in solution are able to absorb light at a special wavelength or wavelength range. This means that after sending a defi ned amount of light (I0) through the solution, a reduced amount of light (I) will be detected afterwards.

Formula AbsorbanceThere is a direct linear relation between the absorbance and the concentration of the solute, up to certain limits. This relation is shown in the Beer-Lambert or Beer’s law.
Formula Beer´s law

b = pathlength [cm]
c = concentration of absorbing substance in solution [mol/l or M]
e = substance-specific constant [cm-1 M-1] (extinction coefficient)

In this technical application note, direct DNA measurements using absorbance are explained. 

DNA
Present in all living organisms, DNA nucleotides consist of a sugar backbone, a base (thymine, guanine, adenine, cytosine) and a phosphate group. The nitrogen rich bases absorb light at 260 nm, this wavelength can be used to determine the DNA concentration. As DNA is so highly studied, the extinction coeffi cients for dsDNA, ssDNA and for RNA are widely known. The reciprocal value of the coeffi cient at a 1 cm pathlength can be used as a factor to determine the concentration of nucleic acids.


Table 1: Reciprocal value of extinction coeffi cients for nucleic acids.

 

Nucleic acids 1 / Extinction coefficient [µg/mL]1
double stranded DNA 50
single stranded DNA 33
RNA 40

1 Using a 1-cm pathlength of light, the extinction coeffi cient for nucleotides at 260 nm is 20 per cm per M. Based on this the absorbance at 260 nm in a 1-cm quartz cuvette of a 50 μg/mL solution of double stranded DNA, 33 μg/mL solution of single stranded DNA or a 40 μg/mL solution of single stranded RNA are all equal to 1 OD.


The extinction coefficients enable DNA measurements without preparing a standard curve. 


Pathlength Correction
With the SPECTROstar® Nano it is possible to measure in cuvettes and also in microplates. Cuvette based DNA measurements show the advantage that all absorbance values are automatically normalized to 1 cm. These values can be directly used to calculate the DNA concentration using Beer’s law (equation 2) and known extinction coefficients (Table 1).

In microplates the pathlength will vary, depending on the volume of liquid in the well along with the height and dimensions of the well (i.e. 96- versus 384-well plates). To obtain data from the DNA measurements that can be used in Beer’s law it is necessary to normalize the absorbance results to a 1 cm pathlength (b in equation 2). Pathlength correction can be achieved through several methods:

 

  • Use a microplate with a defi ned pathlength (e.g. LVis Plate, pathlength = 0.5 mm). OD measurements are taken and a standard multiplication value is then applied to achieve a 1cm pathlength.
  • Use of the pathlength correction feature in the software for standard microplates. The volume and microplate used is specifi ed in the test protocol and an algorithm will then be applied to the data. 
  • Use a known water peak value correction to normalize the data.

Formula Pathlength of Sample

One advantage of using a water peak correction over other methods is that a pathlength can be created for each well allowing different volumes to be dispensed into one microplate if needed, more importantly this method will also correct for pipetting errors that may occur during sample preparation. 


Purity Determination
DNA samples can contain impurities that will affect the values at 260 nm. Therefore, it is recommended to also measure wavelengths where impurities have an absorbance maximum:

1.     Contamination by protein (280 nm)
2.     Contamination by phenolate, thiocyanate (230 nm)
3.     Scattering of light caused by particulates (340 nm)

A common purity check is to calculate the 260/280 ratio in order to look for protein contaminations. Pure DNA gives a ratio between 1.8 – 2.0, whereas pure RNA shows ~ 2.0. High quality samples should be above 1.7. Another commonly used step is to correct OD values for scattered light by subtracting the OD value at 340 nm from the OD values at 260 or 280 nm, this greatly reduces the standard deviation and increases the sensitivity of measurements.

Materials & Methods

  • UV-Cuvettes half semi-micro from Brand 
  • UV Star 96-well plate from Greiner 
  • Black 384-well LoBase plate μClear, COC with UV bottom from Greiner 
  • SPECTROstar Nano equipped with LVis Plate

Herring Sperm dsDNA and HPLC grade water was obtained through normal distribution channels.

Results & Discussion

DNA measurements using the LVis Plate
The LVis Plate is a special microplate that contains 16 sites suitable for measuring 2 μL samples. After pipetting onto the microdrop well on the LVis Plate, the lid is closed resulting in a pathlength of 0.5 mm being generated for all 16 sites. A dsDNA standard curve for DNA measurements with the LVis Plate is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1: DNA standard curve obtained using the LVis Plate.

Sensitivity values (LOD) will depend on how reliably the blank can be measured. The DNA sensitivity for the LVis Plate was calculated to be <2 μg/mL. 

DNA measurements using a standard microplate
In microplates the best sensitivity is achieved when the highest possible volume is used generating a longer pathlength. This is OK generally but if sample is limited then users will usually want to use as low of a volume as possible. Therefore, it is necessary to fi nd the best compromise between volume and sensitivity. Table 2 shows the limit of detection obtained for different volumes in different microplates. The data presented in Table 2 further indicate that correcting the data from DNA measurements at 340 nm generally leads to a higher sensitivity.

Table 2: dsDNA sensitivity in 96-well and 384-well plates.

 

Plate Format Volume LOD in µg/mL based on A260 LOD in µg/mL based on A260-A340
96 350 μL 0.39 0.24
96 300 μL 0.22 0.20
96 200 μL 0.45 0.36
96 100 μL 1.03 0.82
96

50 μL

1.3 1.3
384 20 μL 1.9 0.53
384 5 μL 2.8 2.4
384 3 μL 2.7 2.4

 

DNA measurements using a cuvette
DNA measurments in cuvettes are still common in labs if only a limited number of samples need to be determined. Cuvette measurements have the advantage that the resulting absorbance values are already normalized to 1 cm. Fig. 2 shows results from DNA measurements for dsDNA in cuvettes.
Fig. 2: DNA standard curve obtained in cuvettes.As shown in Figure 2, a high linearity (R2 = 0.9999) in the low DNA concentration range is achieved in cuvettes. A blank correction and A260 - A340 referencing is recommended to obtain the highest sensitivity (< 0.2 µg/ml).

Conclusion

There are different possibilities for DNA measurements using the SPECTROstar Nano.  If there is enough DNA material available and only a few samples that should be measured, cuvette DNA measurements can be performed. For higher throughput a microplate should be used. If sample volume is very limited, then the LVis Plate is recommended as it offers a great linear range, a high sensitivity and only 2 μL of sample is needed.

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